Compass knows there are some characteristics or factors that older people who experience abuse are likely to share. These factors can be grouped into three categories: Environmental, Personal, and Perpetrator.
Although these are not the cause of abuse, they should be considered as risk factors and can be helpful in understanding who is at greater risk of abuse.
Environmental factors
The following describe some of the leading external factors that can contribute to or influence vulnerability to abuse.
May occur if a nominated carer is under stress to provide proper care for an older person.
This includes:
An older person’s dependence on another for care
An older person being in a co-dependent relationship
An older person caring for an intellectually, emotionally or mentally ill adult
A carer’s or family member’s dependence on the older person for income or accommodation
People from diverse backgrounds may be influenced by their cultural or generational attitudes to gender and family responsibilities. Response and services may not be culturally acceptable. Some people may be reluctant to seek help if they fear racism or discrimination.
Families with a history of intergenerational violence, domestic violence and unresolved issues may experience ongoing conflict and dysfunction. Older family members may be punished as ‘pay back’.
Older people with small social networks, limited social participation or geographical isolation can struggle to find a support network. There may be no one to witness abuse.
Limited awareness of or access to support options and services.
Language barriers, differences in cultural values, historical norms and/or the emigration experience.
This includes but is not limited to living with a son, daughter, an in-law, extended family, a lodger/boarder or a carer.
Financial pressures or difficulties associated with home ownership (debt, upkeep, renting, social housing).
Personal factors
The following describe some of the leading personal factors that can contribute to or influence vulnerability to abuse.
Substance abuse, including alcohol and drugs (prescription and/or illicit), and problem gambling can create unhealthy relationships and behaviours that lead to a heightened risk of abuse.
Confined to a bed or wheelchair or experiencing limited movement due to poor health or disability.
Older women are more likely to experience abuse than men.
People with low financial literacy may exclude them from decision-making.
This includes:
Increased abuse of the carer by the older person due to uncontrolled behaviour(s)
A reduced capacity to act independently without guardian, administrator or attorney intervention
A reduced capacity to report abuse
If the abuse is reported, the older person may struggle to be believed
An older person experiencing mental health issues or living with a person with mental illness.
Perpetrator factors
The following describe some of the significant factors that contribute to perpetrators abusing older people.
The majority of perpetrators are aged between 35 and 541, supporting the statistics that most perpetrators are a son or daughter of the client (see below).
Two thirds of elder abuse is perpetrated by a son or daughter1. A majority of older people reported the person causing abuse was related to them or in a de facto relationship. They may be dependent on the older person.
Situations where an older person’s spouse or partner are the perpetrators.
In the majority of cases where an older person suffering abuse also lives with an adult child, a son, daughter (or son/daughter-in-law) is responsible for the abuse.
A large number of alleged perpetrators are identified by the older person as having gambling or substance abuse problems. These may also be linked with mental health issues.
May occur when the older person lives with a person experiencing mental health issues, often their children.
Negative attitude and behaviour towards the older person.
What to look for: family, friends, carers
Whether you’re a family member, a friend, a neighbour or carer to an older person, it's everybody's business to look out for the older people in our lives.
Discover how you can play your part in helping to stop elder abuse.
What to look for: signs and behaviours
Knowing if in an older person is experiencing abuse starts by knowing what to look for. These often present themselves in two forms:
Common behaviours
The behaviours or actions as shown by the older person and/or the perpetrator
Common warning signs
The visual clues often associated with elder abuse
These behaviours and warning signs may occur across the five types of abuse experienced by older people.
To get a clearer understanding of what to look for in each, expand them below.
Behaviours
Threats or coercion over assets or wills
Denying someone access to their own money and/or taking control of someone’s finances against their wishes
Abusing Powers of Attorney
The theft of personal items like jewellery, credit cards, cash, food, and other possessions
The unauthorised use of banking and financial documents
Adding a signatory to a bank account
Warning signs
An unexplained disappearance of belongings
An unexplained inability to pay bills
Significant bank withdrawals
Changes to wills
Access to bank accounts or statements is blocked
An accumulation of unpaid bills
An empty fridge
A disparity between living conditions and money
No money to pay for home essentials like food, clothing, and utilities
Behaviours
Name calling, and verbal abuse
Treating the adult like a child
Threatening harm to the adult, other people or pets
Engaging in emotional blackmail such as threatening to withdraw access to grandchildren, family, friends, services or telephone
Threats to place an older person in an aged care facility
Preventing contact with family and friends
Denying access to the phone or computer or withholding mail
Preventing a person from engaging in religious or cultural practices
Moving the person far away family or friends
Warning signs
Any one of the following: resignation, shame, depression, tearfulness, confusion, agitation
Feelings of helplessness
Unexplained paranoia or excessive fear
A change in appetite or sleep patterns, such as insomnia
Unusual passivity or anger
Sadness or grief at the loss of interactions with others
Withdrawal or listlessness due to a lack of visitors
A change to levels of self-esteem
Worry or anxiety after a visit by a specific person/people
Social isolation
Behaviours
Pushing, shoving, or rough handling
Kicking, hitting, punching, slapping, biting, and/or burning
Physical restraint
Denying medical treatment
Locking the person in a room or home
Tying the person to a chair or bed
Intentional injury with a weapon or object
Overuse or misuse of medications
Warning signs
Internal or external injuries, including sprains, dislocations and fractures, pressure sores, unexplained bruises or marks on different areas of the body, pain on touching
Broken or healing bones
Lacerations to the mouth, lips, gums, eyes or ears
Missing teeth and/or eye injuries
Evidence of hitting, punching, shaking, pulling, such as bruises, lacerations, choke marks, hair loss or welts
Burns, i.e. rope, cigarettes, matches, iron, and/or hot water
Behaviours
Non-consensual sexual contact, language or exploitative behaviour
Rape and sexual assault
Cleaning or treating the person’s genital area roughly or inappropriately
Enforced nudity of the person against their consent
Warning signs
Unexplained STD or incontinence (bladder or bowel)
Injury and trauma, e.g. scratches, bruises etc. to face, neck, chest, abdomen, thighs or buttocks
Trauma including bleeding around the genitals, chest, rectum or mouth
Torn or bloody underclothing or bedding
Human bite marks
Anxiety around the perpetrator and other psychological symptoms
Behaviours
Failure to provide basic needs, such as food, adequate or clean clothing, heating and medicines
Under- or over-medicating
Exposure to danger or lack of supervision, such as leaving the person in an unsafe place or in isolation
An overly attentive carer in the company of others
A carer denies others the opportunity to provide appropriate care
Warning signs
Inadequate clothing
Complaints of being too cold or too hot
Poor personal hygiene and/or an unkempt appearance
Lack of medical or dental care
Injuries that have not been properly cared for
Absence of required aids
Exposure to unsafe, unhealthy, and/or unsanitary conditions
Unexplained weight loss, dehydration, poor skin integrity, malnutrition
References and Content Acknowledgement
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